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Meanwhile, the best approach to control the spread of AMR is to minimize antimicrobial usage and it can be achieved by changes in prescribing behaviors (García et al. In certain studies, it is known that misuse of antibiotics by the general population increases the chance of getting infected with resistant strains of bacteria, yielding higher morbidity and mortality (Costelloe et al. This knowledge has led the USA, France, and Scotland to immediately develop a national recommendations’ program to improve antibiotic stewardship in their countries (Dellit et al. The first step to deal with AMR is to educate the related staff about the over-expanding AMR dilemma (Dellit et al. Factors responsible for AMR in third-world countries include over-prescription, unnecessary prescribing, incomplete treatment courses, self-medication, as well as insufficient infection control measures to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria in the community and hospitals (Okeke 2010 Sosa et al. AMR-associated higher morbidity and mortality rates increase the economic burden on the health care sector especially in low-income countries (World Health Organization 2012). With emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR), there is a concordant rise in morbidity and mortality ratios (Hofer 2019). Newer strains of multi-drug resistant staphylococci, enterococci and streptococci were identified (Cosgrove 2006 Levy 1998 Okeke et al. After a decade of antibiotic use, clinicians started to see persistent infections despite appropriate AM regimens. However, the clinicians are aware of their shortcomings and desire for improvement.Īlthough there were significant advances in antimicrobial therapy in the 1980s as the third-generation cephalosporin and new fluoroquinolones proved to be highly effective, the widespread usage of these newly developed drugs soon gave rise to a new problem. It is concluded that the knowledge of clinicians is relatively poor for AM spectrum and drugs of choice for certain infections. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Clinically, more than 50% of the clinicians used miscellaneous AM for empirical therapy of respiratory tract infection and cholecystitis. Pharmacologically, AM spectrum was accurately chosen by 1.4% for Ampicillin, 0.003% for Erythromycin and 0% for Levofloxacin. The main contributing factors considered for AMR by the doctors included excessive AM usage in the medical profession (87.1%) and multiple antibiotics per prescription (76.4%). The need for refresher courses on rational antibiotic use was expressed by 84% of the participants. Moreover, around 68% of the doctors felt confident about their practice in AM but still, 96% felt the need to get more knowledge about AM drugs.
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Overall, 92% of the clinicians considered AMR as a worldwide problem but only 66% disagreed that cold and flu symptoms require antibiotics. A KAP survey, based on a self-administered questionnaire containing 45 questions, was distributed among 336 clinicians in 6 randomly selected hospitals. The current multicenter, cross-sectional study aimed at highlighting gaps in antimicrobial (AM) stewardship and AMR among practicing doctors working in public tertiary care teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Considering that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global challenge, there is a dire need to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of clinicians in AMR endemic countries.